"" Healthy Personality Online: 2013

Wednesday 25 December 2013

Marissa Mayer (President and CEO of Yahoo! Inc.)

Marissa Mayer
President and CEO of Yahoo!
Previously, she was a long-time executive and key spokesperson for Google.
Mayer was ranked number 8 on the list of America's most powerful businesswomen 
of 2013 by Fortune magazine.


“Technology is all about talent. It is about getting the right people with the great ideas and energizing them into the company”. Merissa Mayer (WITI’s 2011 - Women Powering Technology Summit).



Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 
This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-to-face contact and prefers webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations.

Marissa Mayer
Marissa Mayer, VP, Google
Marissa Mayer at Stanford University
An Evening with Marissa Mayer
Davos 2013 - Insight, An Idea with Marissa
Keynote Address with Marissa
Martha Stewart in Conversation with Marissa Mayer

Intelligence has never been this adorable: Marissa Mayer, the sexy, hyperactive, geeky Vice-President of Search Product and User Experience at Google. Her Googliness was at Stanford University, giving her insightful take on creativity, followed by the usual Q&A. She's really the girl of the millenium.

A favorite CEO is tough to pick, there are so many things to consider – leadership style, inspirational potential, vision, effectiveness, kindness, ideas... “Yahoo has a strong culture…I wanted to find a way to amplify it.  That is how you find the energy. You can harness that into innovation and say if we have people and they are excited about what they’re working on every day…you can take that energy around culture and find fun ways to apply it to engage users.” Marissa Mayer, President and CEO of Yahoo. 

An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems.
Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.
The word engineer is derived from the Latin roots ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").
The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human needs and quality of life. 
In short, engineers are versatile minds who create links between science, technology, and society.

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of toolsmachines, techniques, craftssystems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function.
society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups.

Internet
History of the Internet
"History of the internet" is an animated documentary explaining the inventions from time-sharing to file sharing, from Arpanet to Internet.
 (Number of viewers - > 3,005,892 (December, 2013))
The Power of the Internet
Michael R. Nelson 
We are currently entering the third phase of the internet and this phase will be as profound as the creation of the World Wide Web, according to Michael Nelson, who spoke as part of ictQATARs Connected Speakers Series. Nelson explored the rapid growth of cloud computing, the emerging Exaflood of information and the Internet of Things, while predicting the Internet revolution was only 15% complete. 
Jonathan Zittrain

Jonathan Zittrain is a professor at Harvard Law School and a founder of 

Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet and Society

What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. 
The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertextdocuments of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). 
Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking
Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. 
Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.

The search engine that helps you find exactly what you're looking for. 
Find the most relevant information, video, images, and answers 
from all across the Web.

Yahoo! Inc.


Marissa Mayer
Marissa Ann Mayer is President and CEO of Yahoo!. Previously, she was a long-time executive and key spokesperson for Google. Mayer was ranked number 8 on the list of America's most powerful businesswomen of 2013 by Fortune magazine. Wikipedia
BornMay 30, 1975 (age 38), Wausau, Wisconsin, United States
SpouseZachary Bogue (m. 2009)
ParentsMichael MayerMargaret Mayer

Others
Leadership
Internet
Millennials
Beauty and Personality 

Powerful Communication

Facts about Yahoo! Inc.
Yahoo! Inc. is an American multinational Internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
It is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo Search, and related services, including Yahoo Directory, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News,Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Groups, Yahoo Answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports and its social media website.
It is one of the most popular sites in the United States.
According to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month.
Yahoo itself claims it attracts "more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages.”
Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On July 16, 2012, former Google executive Marissa Mayer was named as Yahoo CEO and President, effective July 17, 2012.
According to comScore, Yahoo during July 2013 surpassed Google on the number of United States visitors to its Web sites for the first time since May 2011, set at 196 million United States visitors, having increased by 21 percent in a year. 




Take Note:
Internet 
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. 
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. 
The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertextdocuments of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). 
Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds.
The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networkingOnline shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. While this work, together with work in the United Kingdom and France, led to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable.

The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture.
While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success.

The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body.
The technical underpinning and standardization of the Internet's core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.


Modern Uses
The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacardshandheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internetwirelessly. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be significantly higher than other access methods.
Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides andvirtual universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. For distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education.
The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups more easily to form. An example of this is the free software movement, which has produced, among other things, LinuxMozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet chat, whether using an IRC chat room, an instant messaging system, or a social networkingwebsite, allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way while working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via email. These systems may allow files to be exchanged, drawings and images to be shared, or voice and video contact between team members.
Content management systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy spread.
The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be. They may do this with or without computer security, i.e. authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information emailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can access their emails, access their data using cloud computing, or open a remote desktop session into their office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection on the Internet. This can give the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including email and other applications, while away from the office. It has been referred to among system administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare,because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into remote locations and its employees' homes.


Sleep and sleeping sickness

Sleep and sleeping sickness

In animals, sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by altered consciousness (relative to waking), relatively inhibited sensory activity, and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and it is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma.

Humans may suffer from a number of sleep disorders. These include such dyssomnias as insomniahypersomnia, and sleep apnea; such parasomnias as sleepwalking and REM behavior disorder; and the circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasisis infection with germs 
carried by certain flies. It results in swelling of the brain.


Sleep is a period of rest during which the sleeper loses awareness of his or her surroundings. Sleep, unlike a coma, is easily ended. A sleeping person or animal can be awakened quickly by, for example, a loud noise or a bright flash of light. All human beings and many kinds of animals must have a certain amount of daily sleep at regular intervals.

What happens during sleep. When a person falls asleep, all activity decreases and the muscles relax. The heartbeat and breathing rate slow down. The person slowly becomes less aware of what may be happening all around.

A sleeping person changes the position of the entire body at least a dozen times during about eight hours of slumber. The head, arms, or legs are moved even more often.

Scientists study sleep with an instrument called an electroencephalograph (see Electroencephalograph). Whether a person is awake or asleep, the brain gives off electrical waves. An electroencephalograph measures and records these waves. The brain of an awake, relaxed person gives off about 10 small waves a second.

As a person falls deeply into sleep, the brain sends out slower but larger and larger waves. The slowest, largest waves occur during the first two or three hours of a period of sleep. During slow-wave sleep, mental ac­tivity slows down but does not stop. People awakened from slow-wave sleep can often recall unclear thoughts that they had while asleep.

Periods of small fast waves, similar to those of an awake person, occur at intervals during sleep. During these periods of fast brain wave activity, the sleeper's eyes move rapidly as though they were watching the events of a dream. A sleeper who is awakened during such a period probably will recall dreaming and re­member details of the dream. Sleep during these peri­ods is called dreaming sleep or REM (Rapid Eye Move­ment) sleep. An eight-hour period of sleep includes from three to five periods of dreaming sleep. The dreaming sleep periods last from 5 to 30 minutes each and occur every 90 to 100 minutes. The later dream peri­ods last longer than the earlier ones.

Human sleep patterns. Most adults sleep from 7 to 8 hours every night. Some people, especially those who work at night, sleep during the daytime. Some adults may need as little as 6 hours sleep a night—or even less. But others may require 9 hours sleep—or even more. Most people tend to need slightly less sleeps as they grow older. A person who slept 8 hours a night at 30 years of age may need only 7 hours of sleep at the age of 60.

A person's sleeping patterns develop gradually. New born babies sleep for brief periods throughout the day and night. Their sleep periods include dreaming sleep. By the age of 2 or 3 months, babies have learned to sleep through the night, though they nap for periods during the daytime. By the age of 6, most children have given up daytime naps. Four-year-olds average from 10 to 14 hours of sleep a day, and 10-year-olds average from 9 to 12 hours.

Sleep among animals. Scientists study sleeping animals by the same methods that they study sleeping human beings. Among the vertebrates (animals with backbones), only reptiles, birds, and mammals experi­ence true sleep, with changes in brain wave patterns. Most kinds of reptiles do not have dreaming sleep periods, and most kinds of birds have only very brief ones. All mammals have periods of dreaming sleep and also periods of slow-wave sleep.

Different species of reptiles, birds, and mammals have different sleep patterns. Some sleep for many short periods every day, but others sleep for one long period. Animals that are nocturnal (active at night) sleep during the daytime. Some mammals, such as cattle, can sleep standing up. But they dream only while lying down.

The other two groups of vertebrates—fish and amphibians—have periods of what might be called sleep. During these periods, they become less aware than at other times of what is happening around them. But scientists have found no evidence of brain wave changes that suggest sleep among such animals.

Insects, spiders, and other invertebrates (animals without backbones) have daily periods of reduced activity. But invertebrates do not show a sudden decrease in response to their surroundings. No brain changes have been found to occur during their rest periods.

What happens without sleep. People deprived of sleep lose energy and become quick-tempered. After two days without sleep, a person finds that lengthy concentration becomes difficult. Through pure determina­tion, a person may perform tasks well for short periods but is easily distracted. Many mistakes are made, espe­cially in routine tasks, and attention slips at times. Even "sleepless" person experiences periods of dozing off for a few seconds or more. The person falls completely asleep unless kept active continuously.

People who go without sleep for more than three days have great difficulty thinking, seeing, and hearing clearly. Some have periods of hallucinations, during which they see things that do not really exist. They also confuse daydreams with real life and often lose track of their thoughts in the middle of a sentence while speak­ing to someone.

Human beings have gone without sleep for up to 11 days. But people who have stayed awake so long lose contact with reality. They become suspicious and fearful
of others. For example, they may believe that a doctor is an undertaker who has come to bury them, or that the food they are eating has been poisoned.

The need for sleep. Sleep restores energy to the body, particularly to the brain and nervous system. Peo­ple require both slow-wave sleep and dreaming sleep. Extra sleep of either kind does not make up for a lack of the other. Slow-wave sleep may help especially in build­ing protein and restoring the control of the brain and nervous system over the muscles, glands, and other body systems. Dreaming sleep may be especially impor­tant for maintaining such mental activities as learning, reasoning, and emotional adjustment.

Scientists are still seeking answers to many questions about the need for sleep. They do not know, for exam­ple, why human beings cannot simply rest, as insects do. Nor have they discovered exactly how sleep restores vigour to the body. Related articles: Baby (Sleeping         conditions), Hibernation, Nightmare, Insomnia, Sleepwalking, Dream, Narcolepsy, and Snoring.

Sleeping sickness is a disease that attacks the nerv­ous system and often results in a prolonged sleep. It af­fects human beings and other vertebrates (animals with backbones) and is usually fatal if untreated. Sleeping sickness occurs only in Africa and is a serious health problem there for both humans and animals. Its effect makes livestock rearing impossible in some areas of the continent. The disease is also referred to as African sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis.

Cause. Sleeping sickness is caused by several spe­cies of single-celled parasites called trypanosomes. These organisms have a wormlike shape and a whiplike extension, called a flagellum, at one end. The flageilum also extends along one side of the body to form a struc­ture called an undulating membrane. A trypanosome moves by waving or whipping the membrane.

The trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in hu­mans have the scientific names T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. (The T. stands for Trypanosoma.) The trypa­nosomes are transmitted by the tsetse fly, an insect that lives along lake shores and riverbanks in Africa. The fly becomes infected with trypanosomes while feeding on the blood of an already infected human or animal. The trypanosomes multiply in the insect's stomach, then pass to the salivary glands. A person becomes in­fected when bitten by an infected fly.

Sleeping sickness in livestock results from in­fection by other trypano­somes, including T. brucei and T. congolense. The trypanosomes are gener­ally transmitted by tsetse flies or other biting insects. One species is transmitted by an infected animal during mating.

Symptoms and diagnosis. The speed at which sleeping sickness develops in people varies with the type of trypanosome involved. In general, T. rhode­siense produces symptoms that progress more rapidly than those caused by T. gambiense. Most cases of sleep­ing sickness begin with fever, headache, and chills. These symptoms are followed by swelling of the lymph nodes, skin rash, and weakness. In severe cases, the trypanosomes infect the central nervous system, result­ing in uncontrollable sleep, coma, and death.

Doctors diagnose sleeping sickness by examining a sample of the patient's blood, spinal fluid, or lymph. In patients who have the disease, the sample contains tryp­anosomes, which can be seen under a microscope. Early diagnosis of sleeping sickness is important because prompt treatment can eliminate the parasites and pre­vent permanent damage to nerve tissues.

Treatment and prevention. Doctors use a variety of drugs to control sleeping sickness in people. The drug suramin is commonly given in the early stages of the disease. If treatment starts before the central nervous system becomes infected, the chances for recovery are excellent. Treatment of sleeping sickness in its later stages is less successful. In addition, trypanosomes tend to develop resistance to the drugs used.


Scientists have done much work on finding methods to control sleeping sickness and its carriers. In some parts of Africa, insecticide sprays have proved effective in eliminating tsetse fly populations. Other control ef­forts include the use of radiation to make male tsetse flies sterile and therefore unable to reproduce. See Tsetse fly and Insomnia.